Romania is a semi-presidential republic whose head of state is President Nicușor Dan. At the head of the government is a prime minister IIlie Bolojan, appointed by the president.

voters

The newly formed coalition (sworn in June 23, 2025) government has 19 ministers excluding the prime minister. The coalition consisting of the socialist PSD, the liberal PNL , the social liberal USR and the Hungarian minority UDMR/RMDSZ and each party will have a deputy prime minister. The new government created by liberal technocrat Ilie Bolojan , will have 19 ministries,
Liberal Mircea Abrudean has been appointed president of the Senate.


The main opposition party is AUR(nationalist, ultra-right and pro-Russian)
In accordance with the Romanian Constitution, 18 seats in the Senate are reserved for ethnic minorities in Romania.
For comprehensive information, see the English- and Romanian-language website www.gov.ro. Romania, like the Netherlands, has a bicameral system. The Lower House is called the Chamber of Deputies (Camera Deputaţilor) in Romania and has 332 seats. The First Chamber is called Senate (Senat) and has 137 seats.
Members of the House of Representatives are elected through a district system for four years. The two chambers together form the Legislative Assembly, whose task is to pass new Romanian (constitutional) law(s).Be it noted that the Romanian president has the right to return laws for reconsideration

Organization of the Romanian legal system
A brief overview that does not pretend to be comprehensive and focuses on issues that may clarify the current Romanian situation.

The principles, structure and organization of the Romanian judicial system are laid down in the Romanian Constitution and in Law No. 304/2004 on the Judicial Organization.

The judicial organization is formed by the following courts:

  • Supreme Court;
  • the courts;
  • the courts;
  • the specialized courts;
  • the district courts;
  • the military courts.

Indirectly related to this are:

  • The Superior Council of Magistracy is the body that under the Constitution guarantees the independence of the judiciary. In addition, the council ensures that judges and prosecutors respect the law, standards of competence and professional ethical standards when performing their duties.
  • The Ministry of Justice supports the proper functioning of the legal system, ensures that the judiciary functions properly as a public service, and protects the rule of law and the rights and freedoms of citizens.

A separate place must be given to the Constitutional (or Constitutional) Court, which is not part of the Romanian judicial system. A brief explanation is necessary in connection with the Romanian frequent references.
The Constitutional Court consists of nine judges, appointed for a term of nine years, which cannot be extended or renewed. Three judges are appointed by the House of Representatives, three by the Senate and three by the Romanian president. The Constitutional Court judges elect the President of the Constitutional Court by secret ballot for a three-year term. Every three years, the Constitutional Court replaces one-third of its members.
A constitutional or constitutional court is a central court that rules on the constitutionality of laws or other lawful norms and treaties. In general, this means reviewing whether the rule does not violate fundamental rights and freedoms or the principle of equality as enshrined in the Constitution. The court does not act as the highest court of last resort in private disputes, unlike other judicial bodies such as the Supreme Court of the Netherlands in the Netherlands, or the Court of Cassation in Belgium.

Intelligence Agencies – Anti-Corruption-Monitoring Integrity
Romania has three intelligence agencies, namely:

  • SIE, Foreign Intelligence Service. Falls under the responsibility of the Ministry of the Interior.
  • UM 215, Military Intelligence
  • SRI, Romanian Intelligence Service or the Homeland Security Service. For UM 215 as for the SRI, they are the responsibility of their director, with the rank of minister however without being part of the government.

Immediately after the communist coup partial revolution in 1989, the Securitate silently merged into the SRI and at that time the responsibility was transferred to the Ministry of Defense.

In addition to intelligence agencies, there are organizations related to corruption-related crimes such as bribery and embezzlement, among others. They are:

  • DNA(Direcţia Naţională Anticorupţie) or the National Anti-Corruption Directorate. It is a directorate within the Public Prosecutor’s Office in Romania
  • ANI(National Integrity Agency) The objectives of ANI are: to ensure integrity in the performance of public functions and dignities; to prevent institutional corruption by exercising responsibility in reviewing asset declarations, data and information related to wealth, as well as changes in assets, incompatibilities and potential conflicts of interest during the performance of public functions and dignities.

The flag of Romania
(Romanian: Drapelul României) is a vertical tricolor consisting of a blue, a yellow and a red band. The three bands are the same width. The current design was officially adopted in 1994, but has been in use since 1989. The first flag dates back to 1834, but the colors themselves have been used since the 9th century in the areas belonging to Romania today. The colors have deep roots in Romanian history. In fact, the colors represent the three former principalities and historic provinces of Wallachia (blue), Transylvania (yellow) and Moldova (red). Each color has its own history in its area of origin, and the merging of the three colors has been a historical process. The Communist government (1947-1989) tried to give symbolic meanings to the colors through propaganda: red would stand for the blood of fallen heroes, yellow for wheat fields and blue for the sky. The communists also always called the colors in the order red-yellow-blue, while the normal color order (from the hoist side) is just the other way around

The coat of arms of Romania
(Romanian: Stema României) was approved by the Romanian Parliament on September 10, 1992. It is based on the coat of arms used by the Kingdom of Romania between 1922 and 1947. The coat of arms shows an eagle with a cross in its beak and holding a scepter and sword in its talons. The coat of arms also shows the three colors of the Romanian flag: blue, yellow and red. The shield in the center of the coat of arms is divided into five parts. Each part represents one historical region:
1. Golden eagle – Wallachia (Valahia or Țara Românească)
2. Aurochs – Moldova (Moldova)
3. Dolphins – Dobroedzja (Dobrogea)
4. A black eagle, seven castles, a sun and a moon – Transylvania (Transilvania or Ardeal)
5. A lion and a bridge – Oltenia (Oltenia) and Banaat (Banat)
Right after the Romanian Revolution of 1989, Romania wanted to introduce a new flag and coat of arms. One of the symbols of the revolution was the flag with a hole in the middle from which the communist coat of arms had been cut out. The committee set up a design contest. The parliament chose two designs that were eventually combined. The combination, the current coat of arms, was approved by the two chambers in parliament on Sept. 10, 1992. The central element in the Romanian coat of arms is the eagle with its cross. Traditionally, the eagle appears in the coat of arms of the Argeș district, of the city of Pitești and of the city of Curtea de Argeș. It represents the “nest of the Bessarabians.” The eagle, the symbol of latinity and of a heraldic bird of the first rank, symbolizes courage, determination, rising to great heights, power and splendor. The coat of arms of Transylvania also features the eagle. The background is azure blue and symbolizes the sky sky. The eagle holds in its talons the insignia of sovereignty: a scepter and a sword, a scepter because of Michael the Brave who first united the three principalities (1601), and a sword because of Ștefan cel Mare (Stefan the Great), also called Champion of Christ, a ruler of Moldavia (1456-1504). On the breast of the eagle there is a shield with the symbols of the historical regions of Romania (Wallachia, Moldova, Transylvania, Banaat and Crișana) but also the two dolphins of the Romanian seacoast.
Since July 11, 2016, the coat of arms has been modified with the heraldic representation of the crown of King Carol I. A symbol of his royal past and a sign of the period in 1881 and 1947 when Romania was a de facto and de jure monarchy, ruled by the House of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen by its Romanian branch, founded by Carol I

The national anthem of Romania
Deșteaptă-te, române! (translation: wake up, Romanian!) has been the national anthem of Romania since 1989, and also the national anthem of Moldova from 1989 to 1994. The lyrics were written by Andrei Mureșanu (1816-1863), poet of romantic works, journalist, translator and a popular leader at the time of the 1848 revolution. The music was composed by poet, singer and writer Anton Pann (1796-1854). The poem “Un răsunet” (an echo) by Mureșanu, written and published at the time of the 1848 revolution, was set to music in a few days, and was first sung on June 29, 1848, in the Wallachian town of Râmnicu Vâlcea (in Wallachia, the revolution had begun on June 11). Due to its energetic and rousing content, the poem became an anthem, under the title Deșteaptă-te, române! The anthem, which carries the message of patriotism and freedom, has since been sung at every major conflict in Romania. This was particularly the case during the anti-communist revolution of 1989, when it supplanted the communist anthem “Trei culori” (three colors).
The Romanian national anthem consists of 11 stanzas, of which usually only stanzas 1, 2, 4 and 11 are sung.

Translation;

Awake, Romanian, from the sleep of death
In which barbarian tyrants lulled you
Now or never: give your fate ‘n other’re turn
So that it subdues even its enemies’ cruelties

Now or never, do we prove to the world
That in these hands Roman blood still flows
And that we keep in our breast, a glorious name
a victor in battle, a name like Trajan!

Behold, greatest shadows, Mihai, Stefan, Corvinus,
The Romanian state is your oir
Arms taken in hand, your fire in d’veins
All shout, “Live in freedom or else death!”

Priests, with the cross in front! For Christian is the army
Freedom is the motto and holy is the aspiration
Better to die fighting in full glory
Than to be slaves again on our old soil!

Deşteaptă-te, române!
Deşteaptă-te, române, din somnul cel de moarte,
În care te-adânciră barbarii de tirani
Acum ori niciodată croieşte-ţi altă soarte,
La care să se-nchine şi cruzii tăi duşmani.

Acum ori niciodată să dăm dovezi în lume
Că-n aste mâni mai curge un sânge de roman,
Şi că-n a noastre piepturi păstrăm cu fală-un nume
Triumfător în lupte, un nume de Traian.

Înalţă-ţi lata frunte şi cată-n giur de tine,
Cum stau ca brazi în munte voinicii sute de mii;
Un glas ei mai aşteaptă şi sar ca lupi în stâne,
Bătrâni, bărbaţi, juni, tineri, din munţi şi din câmpii.

Priviţi, măreţe umbre, Mihai, Ştefan, Corvine,
Româna naţiune, ai voştri strănepoţi,
Cu braţele armate, cu focul vostru-n vine,
“Viaţă-n libertate ori moarte” strigă toţi.

Pre voi vă nimiciră a pizmei răutate
Şi oarba neunire la Milcov şi Carpaţi
Dar noi, pătrunşi la suflet de sfânta libertate,
Jurăm că vom da mâna, să fim pururea fraţi.

O mamă văduvită de la Mihai cel Mare
Pretinde de la fii-şi azi mână d-ajutori,
Şi blastămă cu lacrămi în ochi pe orişicare,
În astfel de pericul s-ar face vânzători.

De fulgere să piară, de trăsnet şi pucioasă,
Oricare s-ar retrage din gloriosul loc,
Când patria sau mama, cu inima duioasă,
Va cere ca să trecem prin sabie şi foc.

N-ajunge iataganul barbarei semilune,
A cărui plăgi fatale şi azi le mai simţim;
Acum se vâră cnuta în vetrele străbune,
Dar martor ne de Domnul că vii nu oprimim.

N-ajunge despotismul cu-ntreaga lui orbie,
Al cărui jug de seculi ca vitele-l purtăm;
Acum se-ncearcă cruzii, cu oarba lor trufie,
Să ne răpească limba, dar morţi numai o dăm.

Români din patru unghiuri, acum ori niciodată
Uniţi-vă în cuget, uniţi-vă-n simţiri.
Strigaţi în lumea largă că Dunărea-i furată
Prin intrigă şi silă, viclene uneltiri.

Preoţi, cu crucea-n frunte căci oastea e creştină,
Deviza-i libertate şi scopul ei preasfânt.
Murim mai bine-n luptă, cu glorie deplină,
Decât să fim sclavi iarăşi în vechiul nost’pământ.